(object) array( 'id' => '1525633', 'url' => 'ID/business_cycle_₃', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'daur bisnis', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'daur bisnis', 1 => 'Economy', 2 => 'Economics', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'daur bisnis', 'source_id' => 1475469, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Economy', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Economics', ), 'lastedit' => '20110818025539', 'part_of_speech' => 'other', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Ayunan lebih teratur atau kurang atau gelombang seperti fluktuasi laju pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara, jauh di atas dan jauh di bawah tren jangka panjang dalam tingkat pertumbuhan produksi total, naik turunnya kegiatan bisnis secara keseluruhan, sebagaimana dibuktikan oleh lonjakan dan penurunan GNP dan GDP, tingkat pengangguran, dan tingkat harga umum, pola boom-and-bust dari resesi (atau depresi) dan pemulihan. Dalam literatur ekonomi yang lebih tua (dan sekarang masih dalam penggunaan Inggris) istilah "perdagangan siklus" sering digunakan sebagai sinonim untuk Apa yang menyebabkan siklus bisnis telah menjadi salah satu terpanas dan terpanjang perdebatan teoritis dalam ekonomi politik "siklus bisnis.". Ada cukup banyak kesepakatan tentang apa yang setidaknya beberapa faktor yang berkaitan dengan pergantian boom ekonomi dan penurunan, namun sekolah yang berbeda pemikiran berbeda dalam berat relatif dan prioritas kausal yang mereka berikan pada berbagai faktor tersebut. Beberapa sekolah pemikiran menekankan kebijakan pemerintah yang tidak merata ekonomi sebagai penyebab utama dari siklus bisnis, sementara yang lain lihat kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah sebagai kunci pengaruh bekerja bahkan keluar siklus bisnis yang diduga dibawa oleh fitur yang melekat pada ekonomi pasar. Hampir semua teori yang bersaing kunci dalam pada satu atau lebih faktor diyakini mempengaruhi ekspansi dan kontraksi penghematan oleh publik dan investasi modal baru yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan bisnis sebagai penyebab paling langsung dari boom dan bust dalam ekonomi yang lebih besar . Penjelasan John Maynard Keynes tentang siklus bisnis menekankan pergeseran periodik dalam alokasi publik dari pendapatan mereka antara pengeluaran saat ini untuk konsumsi langsung dan tabungan untuk konsumsi masa depan - yang menyebabkan pergeseran dalam keseluruhan tingkat permintaan barang konsumen, yang pada gilirannya mendorong produsen barang konsumen tidak proporsional untuk memperluas atau kontrak pembelian mereka sendiri barang produsen seperti bahan baku dan mesin (dan tenaga kerja) lebih atau kurang semua sekaligus dalam menanggapi perbaikan atau penurunan penjualan mereka saat ini. Keynes percaya bahwa masyarakat biasanya cenderung untuk menyimpan terlalu banyak dan mengkonsumsi terlalu sedikit, sehingga agregat throttling (total) permintaan, kecuali jika langkah-langkah pemerintah dalam dari waktu ke waktu melalui kebijakan fiskal untuk artifisial meningkatkan permintaan agregat dengan menghabiskan lebih banyak barang dan jasa dari dibutuhkan jauh dari daya beli konsumen di pajak ("menjalankan defisit anggaran"). Non-Keynesian teori siklus bisnis telah difokuskan pada lain (sering psikologis) faktor-faktor selain pertumbuhan atau penurunan penjualan mereka saat ini yang mempengaruhi optimisme atau pesimisme pengusaha tentang kondisi ekonomi masa depan (dan karenanya rencana investasi mereka). Masih teori lain menekankan peran sesekali "guncangan pasokan" - perubahan mendadak dan tak terduga dalam penyediaan sumber daya kunci yang dihasilkan dari siklus cuaca, bencana alam, konflik-konflik internasional, perubahan regulasi atau pajak yang besar oleh pemerintah, dll (Misalnya, pembentukan kartel produsen minyak OPEC dan dua gelombang besar-besaran pengurangan produksi terpadu / kenaikan harga pada 1970-an) teori Joseph Schumpeter "penghancuran kreatif". menekankan peran gelombang inovasi besar (terobosan teknologi utama, pengenalan produk baru utama yang menciptakan industri baru) dalam mempercepat penyesuaian besar dan realokasi sumber daya seperti industri lama mati dan digantikan dengan yang baru. "Monetaris" teori siklus bisnis menganalisis dampak pergeseran dalam keputusan-keputusan otoritas pemerintah moneter (seperti Dewan Gubernur Sistem Federal Reserve AS Perbankan) untuk memperluas atau kontrak pasokan uang dalam upaya mereka untuk memanipulasi jangka pendek suku bunga dan nilai tukar asing (sering untuk alasan politik egois). "Sisi penawaran" teori siklus bisnis cenderung menekankan dampak perubahan periodik dalam kebijakan pajak pemerintah (terutama perubahan dalam tingkat marjinal pajak pada berbagai bentuk pengeluaran investasi dan pendapatan bisnis) sebagai tergesa-gesa utama dari boom dan bust.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604272838737922, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'business cycle', 'Definition' => 'More or less regular swings or wave-like fluctuations in the pace of a country\'s economic growth, well above and well below the long-term trend in the growth rate of total production; the ups and downs of overall business activity, as evidenced by surges and declines in GNP and GDP, unemployment rates, and the general price level; the boom-and-bust pattern of recession (or depression) and recovery. In older economic literature (and still today in British usage) the term “trade cycle” is often used as a synonym for “business cycle.” What causes business cycles has been one of the hottest and longest running theoretical debates in political economy. There is a fair amount of agreement on what at least some of the factors are that are associated with the alternation of economic booms and busts, but different schools of thought differ considerably in the relative weight and the causal priority they assign to these various factors. Some schools of thought emphasize uneven government economic policies as the principal cause of business cycles, while others see government economic policies as the key influences working to even out business cycles allegedly brought on by inherent features of the market economy. Nearly all of these competing theories key in on one or more of the factors believed to influence the expansion and contraction of total saving by the public and of new capital investment undertaken by business firms as the most immediate causes of booms and busts in the larger economy. John Maynard Keynes\'s explanation of the business cycle emphasized periodic shifts in the public\'s allocation of their incomes between current spending for immediate consumption and savings for future consumption — which leads to shifts in the overall level of demand for consumers\' goods, which in turn encourages producers of consumers\' goods disproportionately to expand or contract their own purchases of producers\'s goods like raw materials and machinery (and labor) more or less all at once in response to improvements or declines in their current sales. Keynes believed that the public typically tends to save too much and consume too little, thereby throttling aggregate (total) demand, unless the government steps in from time to time through its fiscal policies to artificially increase aggregate demand by spending more on goods and services than it takes away from consumers\' purchasing power in taxes (“running a budget deficit”). Other non-Keynesian theorists of the business cycle have focussed on other (often psychological) factors besides the growth or decline of their current sales that influence businessmen\'s optimism or pessimism about future economic conditions (and hence their investment plans). Still other theorists emphasize the role of occasional “supply shocks” — sudden and unexpected changes in the supply of key resources resulting from weather cycles, natural disasters, international conflicts, big regulatory or tax changes by government, etc. (For example, the formation of the OPEC oil producers\' cartel and their two massive waves of concerted production cuts/price increases in the 1970s.) Joseph Schumpeter\'s theory of “creative destruction” stresses the role of waves of massive innovation (major technological breakthroughs, introduction of major new products that create whole new industries) in precipitating major adjustments and reallocation of resources as old industries die and are replaced by new ones. “Monetarist” theories of the business cycle analyze the impact of shifts in decisions of the government monetary authorities (such as the Board of Governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve Banking System) to expand or contract the money supply in their efforts to manipulate short-term interest rates and foreign exchange rates (often for selfish political reasons). “Supply-side” theorists of the business cycle tend to emphasize the impact of periodic changes in government tax policies (especially changes in the marginal rates of taxation on various forms of investment expenditures and business income) as the major precipitant of booms and busts.', 'Part of Speech' => 'other', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Economy', 'Product Category' => 'Economics', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Creation User' => 'erika10', 'Creation Date' => '2011/7/13', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'business_cycle_₃', )

(object) array( 'id' => '1543737', 'url' => 'ID/direct_taxation', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'perpajakan langsung', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'perpajakan langsung', 1 => 'Economy', 2 => 'Economics', 3 => 'The Economist', 4 => '', ), 'term' => 'perpajakan langsung', 'source_id' => 774476, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Economy', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Economics', ), 'company' => array ( 0 => 'The Economist', ), 'lastedit' => '20110823113515', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Pajak dikenakan pada pendapatan atau kekayaan individu atau perusahaan. Kontras dengan pajak tidak langsung. Di sebagian besar dunia, harga pajak langsung jatuh selama tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an, sebagian karena beberapa ekonom berpendapat bahwa tarif pajak yang tinggi pada masyarakat berpenghasilan berkecil hati dari bekerja, dan bahwa tingginya tingkat pajak atas laba perusahaan didorong untuk pindah ke negara-negara dengan tingkat yang lebih rendah . Selanjutnya, tingginya tingkat pajak penghasilan dipandang sebagai politis tidak populer. Meskipun demikian, meskipun tingkat dipotong, karena baik pendapatan pribadi dan keuntungan perusahaan terus tumbuh selama periode ini jumlah total yang dikumpulkan melalui pajak langsung terus meningkat. Para ekonom sering tidak setuju tentang yang pajak langsung atau pajak tidak langsung adalah metode paling efisien perpajakan.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604353705967618, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'direct taxation', 'Company' => 'The Economist', 'Definition' => 'Taxes levied on the income or wealth of an individual or company. Contrast with indirect taxation. In much of the world, direct tax rates fell during the 1980s and 1990s, partly because some economists argued that high rates of tax on income discouraged people from working, and that high rates of tax on profit encouraged companies to move to countries with lower rates. Furthermore, high rates of income tax were viewed as politically unpopular. Even so, although rates were cut, because both personal income and corporate profits grew steadily throughout this period the total amount collected via direct taxation continued to rise. Economists often disagree about which of direct taxes or indirect taxes are the least inefficient method of taxation.', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Industry' => 'Economy', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Product Category' => 'Economics', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Creation User' => 'summer.l', 'Creation Date' => '2011/2/21', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'direct_taxation', )

(object) array( 'id' => '1588883', 'url' => 'ID/para-terphenyl', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'para-terfenil', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'para-terfenil', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'Organic chemistry', 3 => 'McGraw-Hill', 4 => '', ), 'term' => 'para-terfenil', 'source_id' => 346954, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Organic chemistry', ), 'company' => array ( 0 => 'McGraw-Hill', ), 'lastedit' => '20110914091715', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => '(C6H5)2C6H4 terbakar, cairan beracun mendidih pada 405_C; kristal yang digunakan untuk counter kilau; dipolimerisasi dengan stirena untuk membuat plastik fosfor.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604557036388355, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'para-terphenyl', 'Definition' => '(C₆H₅)₂C₆H₄ A combustible, toxic liquid boiling at 405_C; crystals are used for scintillation counters; polymerized with styrene to make plastic phosphor.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'Organic chemistry', 'Company' => 'McGraw-Hill', 'Creation User' => 'Dr. James', 'Creation Date' => '2010/10/4', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'para-terphenyl', )

(object) array( 'id' => '1533987', 'url' => 'ID/tiresome', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'bosan', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'bosan', 1 => 'Education', 2 => 'SAT vocabulary', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'bosan', 'source_id' => 720760, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Education', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'SAT vocabulary', ), 'lastedit' => '20110819143637', 'part_of_speech' => 'adjective', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Jemu.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604309154070531, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'tiresome', 'Definition' => 'Wearisome.', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Industry' => 'Education', 'Part of Speech' => 'adjective', 'Product Category' => 'SAT vocabulary', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Creation User' => 'Markquest', 'Creation Date' => '2011/2/9', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'tiresome', )

(object) array( 'id' => '1499453', 'url' => 'ID/depreciation_₁₈', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'susut nilai', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'susut nilai', 1 => 'Accounting', 2 => 'General accounting', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'susut nilai', 'source_id' => 1451481, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Accounting', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General accounting', ), 'lastedit' => '20110731153506', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Menurunnya nilai loji atau peralatan seiring dengan waktu akibat aus, sobek dan usang.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604152839700481, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Definition' => 'The systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. The depreciable amount is cost less residual value.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Industry' => 'Accounting', 'Product Category' => 'General accounting', 'Product' => '', 'Company' => '', 'Other Reference' => '', 'Pronunciation' => '', 'Creation User' => 'MaryK', 'Creation Date' => '2013/9/12', 'Source Lang' => '1180', 'Term' => 'depreciation', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'depreciation_₁₈', )

(object) array( 'id' => '1544621', 'url' => 'ID/anhydrous_ammonia', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'amonia anhidrat', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'amonia anhidrat', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'Inorganic chemistry', 3 => 'McGraw-Hill', 4 => '', ), 'term' => 'amonia anhidrat', 'source_id' => 345138, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Inorganic chemistry', ), 'company' => array ( 0 => 'McGraw-Hill', ), 'lastedit' => '20110823145506', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Cairan amonia, cairan mendidih berwarna pada _33.3_C.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604357610864645, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'anhydrous ammonia', 'Definition' => 'Liquid ammonia, a colorless liquid boiling at _33.3_C.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'Inorganic chemistry', 'Company' => 'McGraw-Hill', 'Creation User' => 'Dr. James', 'Creation Date' => '2010/10/4', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'anhydrous_ammonia', )

(object) array( 'id' => '1589001', 'url' => 'ID/amidation', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'pengamidaan', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'pengamidaan', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'Organic chemistry', 3 => 'McGraw-Hill', 4 => '', ), 'term' => 'pengamidaan', 'source_id' => 347135, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Organic chemistry', ), 'company' => array ( 0 => 'McGraw-Hill', ), 'lastedit' => '20110914100039', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Proses pembentukan amida, misalnya, di laboratorium benzil amina bereaksi dengan metil untuk membentuk N-methylbenzamide.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604557624639488, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'amidation', 'Definition' => 'The process of forming an amide; for example, in the laboratory benzyl reacts with methyl amine to form N-methylbenzamide.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'Organic chemistry', 'Company' => 'McGraw-Hill', 'Creation User' => 'Dr. James', 'Creation Date' => '2010/10/4', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'amidation', )

(object) array( 'id' => '1537534', 'url' => 'ID/iridescent_₁', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'berwarna-warni', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'berwarna-warni', 1 => 'Education', 2 => 'SAT vocabulary', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'berwarna-warni', 'source_id' => 721451, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Education', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'SAT vocabulary', ), 'lastedit' => '20110821033543', 'part_of_speech' => 'adjective', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Menunjukkan perubahan warna pelangi karena gangguan cahaya.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604325792874498, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'iridescent', 'Definition' => 'Exhibiting changing rainbow-colors due to the interference of the light.', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Industry' => 'Education', 'Part of Speech' => 'adjective', 'Product Category' => 'SAT vocabulary', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Creation User' => 'Markquest', 'Creation Date' => '2011/2/9', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'iridescent_₁', )

(object) array( 'id' => '1583682', 'url' => 'ID/neodymium_oxide', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'nedimium oksida', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'nedimium oksida', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'Inorganic chemistry', 3 => 'McGraw-Hill', 4 => '', ), 'term' => 'nedimium oksida', 'source_id' => 344910, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Inorganic chemistry', ), 'company' => array ( 0 => 'McGraw-Hill', ), 'lastedit' => '20110913005035', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Nd2O3, higroskopis biru-abu-abu bubuk; larut dalam air, larut dalam asam; digunakan untuk kaca warna dan dalam kapasitor keramik.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604533749612548, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'neodymium oxide', 'Definition' => 'Nd₂O₃ A hygroscopic, blue-gray powder; insoluble in water, soluble in acids; used to color glass and in ceramic capacitors.', 'Synonym' => 'ammonium nickel sulfate_₀', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'Inorganic chemistry', 'Company' => 'McGraw-Hill', 'Creation User' => 'Dr. James', 'Creation Date' => '2010/10/4', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'neodymium_oxide', )

(object) array( 'id' => '1537652', 'url' => 'ID/gaseous', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'berupa gas', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'berupa gas', 1 => 'Education', 2 => 'SAT vocabulary', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'berupa gas', 'source_id' => 721666, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1364, 'nstext' => 'ID', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Education', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'SAT vocabulary', ), 'lastedit' => '20110821052504', 'part_of_speech' => 'adjective', 'creation_user' => 'Kaharuddin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Ringan dan substansial.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503604326332891137, 'nstext_full' => 'Indonesian (ID)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'gaseous', 'Definition' => 'Light and unsubstantial.', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Industry' => 'Education', 'Part of Speech' => 'adjective', 'Product Category' => 'SAT vocabulary', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Creation User' => 'Markquest', 'Creation Date' => '2011/2/9', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'gaseous', )