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Tulkin Yusupov

Tashkent, Uzbekistan

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Translate To: Uzbek (UZ)

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Terms Translated

Tulkin’s Selected Translation Work

Terms and text shown below represent Tulkin’s contributions to TermWiki.com, a free terminology website and knowledge resource for the translation community.

(object) array( 'id' => '10529573', 'url' => 'UZ/daughter_isotope', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'qiz izotop', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'qiz izotop', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'qiz izotop', 'source_id' => 76560, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150820153802', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Yadro reaksiyalarida ona izotopning (original izotop) parchalanishidan keyin qolgan izotop. Aralashma, alfa parchalanish kabi bir alfa zarracha va bir qiz izotop hosil qilib parchalanishi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510038716193701888, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'daughter isotope', 'Definition' => 'In a nuclear equation the compound remaining after the parent isotope (the original isotope) has undergone decay. A compound undergoing decay, such as alpha decay, will break into an alpha particle and a daughter isotope.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Revision User' => 'Vicki S', 'Revision Date' => '2010/06/30', 'Creation User' => 'Vicki S', 'Creation Date' => '2010/6/30', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'daughter_isotope', )

English (EN)daughter isotope

In a nuclear equation the compound remaining after the parent isotope (the original isotope) has undergone decay. A compound undergoing decay, such as alpha decay, will break into an alpha particle and a daughter isotope.

Uzbek (UZ)qiz izotop

Yadro reaksiyalarida ona izotopning (original izotop) parchalanishidan keyin qolgan izotop. Aralashma, alfa parchalanish kabi bir alfa zarracha va bir qiz izotop hosil qilib parchalanishi.

Chemistry; General chemistry
(object) array( 'id' => '10530668', 'url' => 'UZ/dissociation', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'dissotsiatsiya', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'dissotsiatsiya', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'dissotsiatsiya', 'source_id' => 76576, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150821031509', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Birikmaning ionlar hosil qilib parchalanishi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510082567914651648, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'dissociation', 'Definition' => 'Breaking down of a compound into its components to form ions from an ionic substance.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Revision User' => 'Vicki S', 'Revision Date' => '2010/06/30', 'Creation User' => 'Vicki S', 'Creation Date' => '2010/6/30', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'dissociation', )

English (EN)dissociation

Breaking down of a compound into its components to form ions from an ionic substance.

Uzbek (UZ)dissotsiatsiya

Birikmaning ionlar hosil qilib parchalanishi.

Chemistry; General chemistry
(object) array( 'id' => '10537885', 'url' => 'UZ/molecular_geometry', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'molekulyar geometriya', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'molekulyar geometriya', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'molekulyar geometriya', 'source_id' => 76927, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150826113709', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => '1. molekulaning uch o\'lchovli shakli. Misol uchun, metan (CH4) tetraedr molekulyar geometriyaga ega. 2. molekulyar shakllar ta\'limi. molekulyar model, tayoq modeli; to\'p va tayoq modeli; atrofni to\'ldirish modeli. Molekula haqida tassavurni shakllantiradi. Model nafaqat sof hisoblangan, balki mavjud fizik obyekt bo\'lishi mumkin. Tayoq modellari bog\'larni, to\'p va tayoq modellari bog\'lar va atomlarni, atrofni to\'ldiruvchi modellari esa atomning o\'lchamini ko\'rsatadi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510567136647446529, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'molecular geometry', 'Definition' => '1. The three-dimensional shape of a molecule. For example, methane (CH4) has a tetrahedral molecular geometry. 2. The study of molecular shapes. molecular model stick model; ball and stick model; spacefilling model. A representation of a molecule. The model can be purely computational or it can be an actual physical object. Stick models show bonds, ball-and-stick models show bonds and atoms, and spacefilling models show relative atomic sizes.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Creation User' => 'Vicki S', 'Creation Date' => '2010/6/30', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'molecular_geometry', )

English (EN)molecular geometry

1. The three-dimensional shape of a molecule. For example, methane (CH4) has a tetrahedral molecular geometry. 2. The study of molecular shapes. molecular model stick model; ball and stick model; spacefilling model. A representation of a molecule. The model ...

Uzbek (UZ)molekulyar geometriya

1. molekulaning uch o'lchovli shakli. Misol uchun, metan (CH4) tetraedr molekulyar geometriyaga ega. 2. molekulyar shakllar ta'limi. molekulyar model, tayoq modeli; to'p va tayoq modeli; atrofni to'ldirish modeli. Molekula haqida tassavurni shakllantiradi. ...

Chemistry; General chemistry
(object) array( 'id' => '10529435', 'url' => 'UZ/chemical_equation', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'Kimyoviy tenglama', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'Kimyoviy tenglama', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'Kimyoviy tenglama', 'source_id' => 76550, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150820143920', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Kimyoviy o\'zgarishni tasvirlash uchun ixcham qayd. Tenglamaning chap tomonida reaksiyaga kirishayotgan moddalar formulalari bir-biriga qo\'shiladi, tenglamaning o\'ng tomonida esa mahsulotlar formulalari qo\'shilgan holarda bo\'ladi. Tenglama muvozanat holatda bo\'lishini ta\'minlash uchun formulalar oldiga koeffitsientlar qo\'yiladi. Har bir moddaning fizik holati tegishli formulalari yoniga qavs ichida ko\'rsatiladi. Misol uchun, tenglama 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (g) 2 mol vodorod gazi ikki mol suv bug\'i ishlab chiqarish uchun bir mol kislorod gazi bilan reaksiyaga kirishganini bildiradi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510035004742172673, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'chemical equation', 'Definition' => 'A compact notation for describing a chemical change. The formulas of the reactants are added together on the left hand side of the equation; the formulas of the products are added together on the right side. Coefficients are inserted before the formulas to ensure that the equation is balanced . The phase in which each substance is found is usually indicated in parentheses after each formula. For example, 2 H2(g) + O2(g) = 2 H2O(g) indicates that 2 moles of hydrogen gas combine with one mole of oxygen gas to produce two moles of steam.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Creation User' => 'Vicki S', 'Creation Date' => '2010/6/30', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'chemical_equation', )

English (EN)chemical equation

A compact notation for describing a chemical change. The formulas of the reactants are added together on the left hand side of the equation; the formulas of the products are added together on the right side. Coefficients are inserted before the formulas to ...

Uzbek (UZ)Kimyoviy tenglama

Kimyoviy o'zgarishni tasvirlash uchun ixcham qayd. Tenglamaning chap tomonida reaksiyaga kirishayotgan moddalar formulalari bir-biriga qo'shiladi, tenglamaning o'ng tomonida esa mahsulotlar formulalari qo'shilgan holarda bo'ladi. Tenglama muvozanat holatda ...

Chemistry; General chemistry
(object) array( 'id' => '10530969', 'url' => 'UZ/equilibrium_₂', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'muvozanat', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'muvozanat', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'muvozanat', 'source_id' => 76720, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150821123202', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Reaktivlar va mahsulotlar doimiy nisbatda bo\'lgan holat. Tizim muvozanat holatda bo\'lganda to\'g\'ri va teskari reaksiya tezliklari o\'zaro teng bo\'ladi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510117612350078976, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'equilibrium', 'Definition' => 'When the reactants and products are in a constant ratio. The forward reaction and the reverse reactions occur at the same rate when a system is in equilibrium.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Revision User' => 'Vicki S', 'Revision Date' => '2010/06/30', 'Creation User' => 'Vicki S', 'Creation Date' => '2010/6/30', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'equilibrium_₂', )

English (EN)equilibrium

When the reactants and products are in a constant ratio. The forward reaction and the reverse reactions occur at the same rate when a system is in equilibrium.

Uzbek (UZ)muvozanat

Reaktivlar va mahsulotlar doimiy nisbatda bo'lgan holat. Tizim muvozanat holatda bo'lganda to'g'ri va teskari reaksiya tezliklari o'zaro teng bo'ladi.

Chemistry; General chemistry
(object) array( 'id' => '10530727', 'url' => 'UZ/element_₅', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'element', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'element', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'element', 'source_id' => 76672, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150821035216', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Atom raqamlari bir xil bo\'lgan atomlardan tashkil topgan modda. Elementga berilgan avvalgi ta\'rif (element bu kimyoviy bo\'linmas toza modda) izotopning kashf qilinishi bilan o\'z kuchini yo\'qotdi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510084894818041858, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'element', 'Definition' => 'An element is a substance composed of atoms with identical atomic number . The older definition of element (an element is a pure substance that can\'t be decomposed chemically) was made obsolete by the discovery of isotopes .', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Creation User' => 'Vicki S', 'Creation Date' => '2010/6/30', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'element_₅', )

English (EN)element

An element is a substance composed of atoms with identical atomic number . The older definition of element (an element is a pure substance that can't be decomposed chemically) was made obsolete by the discovery of isotopes .

Uzbek (UZ)element

Atom raqamlari bir xil bo'lgan atomlardan tashkil topgan modda. Elementga berilgan avvalgi ta'rif (element bu kimyoviy bo'linmas toza modda) izotopning kashf qilinishi bilan o'z kuchini yo'qotdi.

Chemistry; General chemistry
(object) array( 'id' => '10529678', 'url' => 'UZ/propane_₁', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'Propan', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'Propan', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'Propan', 'source_id' => 149598, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150820161806', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Neft va tabiiy gaz tarkibidagi rangsiz, hidsiz, yonuvchan gaz. U yoqilg\'i va turli murakkab organik molekulalarni olishda xomashyo sifatida ishlatiladi. Propan alkanlar gomologik qatorining uchinchi a\'zosi hisoblanadi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510041233522688001, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'propane', 'Definition' => 'A colorless, odorless, flammable gas, found in petroleum and natural gas. It is used as a fuel and as a raw material for building more complex organic molecules. Propane is the third member of the alkane series.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Creation User' => 'Shemuwel', 'Creation Date' => '2010/8/13', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'propane_₁', )

English (EN)propane

A colorless, odorless, flammable gas, found in petroleum and natural gas. It is used as a fuel and as a raw material for building more complex organic molecules. Propane is the third member of the alkane series.

Uzbek (UZ)Propan

Neft va tabiiy gaz tarkibidagi rangsiz, hidsiz, yonuvchan gaz. U yoqilg'i va turli murakkab organik molekulalarni olishda xomashyo sifatida ishlatiladi. Propan alkanlar gomologik qatorining uchinchi a'zosi hisoblanadi.

Chemistry; General chemistry
(object) array( 'id' => '10530667', 'url' => 'UZ/dispersion_forces_(also_called_London_dispersion_forces)', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'dispersion kuchlar (London dispersion kuchlari deb ham ataladi)', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'dispersion kuchlar (London dispersion kuchlari deb ham ataladi)', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'dispersion kuchlar (London dispersion kuchlari deb ham ataladi)', 'source_id' => 76568, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150821031507', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Dispersion kuch barcha molekulalar orasida mavjud bo\'lgan molekulalararo tortishish kuchidir. Bu kuchlar engil qutb daqiqalarni sabab elektronlar harakati natijasidir. Dispersion kuchlar odatda juda zaif, lekin molekulyar massa oshishi bilan, ularning kuchi ham oshadi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510082567913603077, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'dispersion forces (also called London dispersion forces)', 'Definition' => 'Dispersion is an intermolecular attraction force that exists between all molecules. These forces are the result of the movement of electrons which cause slight polar moments. Dispersion forces are generally very weak but as the molecular mass increases so does their strength.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Revision User' => 'Vicki S', 'Revision Date' => '2010/06/30', 'Creation User' => 'Vicki S', 'Creation Date' => '2010/6/30', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'dispersion_forces_(also_called_London_dispersion_forces)', )

English (EN)dispersion forces (also called London dispersion forces)

Dispersion is an intermolecular attraction force that exists between all molecules. These forces are the result of the movement of electrons which cause slight polar moments. Dispersion forces are generally very weak but as the molecular mass increases so ...

Uzbek (UZ)dispersion kuchlar (London dispersion kuchlari deb ham ataladi)

Dispersion kuch barcha molekulalar orasida mavjud bo'lgan molekulalararo tortishish kuchidir. Bu kuchlar engil qutb daqiqalarni sabab elektronlar harakati natijasidir. Dispersion kuchlar odatda juda zaif, lekin molekulyar massa oshishi bilan, ularning kuchi ...

Chemistry; General chemistry
(object) array( 'id' => '10533382', 'url' => 'UZ/equilibrium_expressions', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'muvozanat ifodalari', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'muvozanat ifodalari', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'muvozanat ifodalari', 'source_id' => 76736, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150823051701', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Mahsulotlar va reaktivlar o\'rtasidagi nisbatni ifodalaydi. Muvozanat har bir mahsulotning konsentratsiyalari,koeffitsienti darajasiga ko\'tarilgan holda ko\'paytmasining, har bir reaksiyaga kirishayotgan moddalar konsentratsiyalari, koeffitsientlari darajasiga ko\'tarilgan holda ko\'paytmasiga nisbati bilan ifodalanadi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510271438997684224, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'equilibrium expressions', 'Definition' => 'The expression giving the ratio between the products and reactants. The equilibrium expression is equal to the concentration of each product raised to its coefficient in a balanced chemical equation and multiplied together, divided by the concentration of the product of reactants to the power of their coefficients.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Revision User' => 'Vicki S', 'Revision Date' => '2010/06/30', 'Creation User' => 'Vicki S', 'Creation Date' => '2010/6/30', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'equilibrium_expressions', )

English (EN)equilibrium expressions

The expression giving the ratio between the products and reactants. The equilibrium expression is equal to the concentration of each product raised to its coefficient in a balanced chemical equation and multiplied together, divided by the concentration of the ...

Uzbek (UZ)muvozanat ifodalari

Mahsulotlar va reaktivlar o'rtasidagi nisbatni ifodalaydi. Muvozanat har bir mahsulotning konsentratsiyalari,koeffitsienti darajasiga ko'tarilgan holda ko'paytmasining, har bir reaksiyaga kirishayotgan moddalar konsentratsiyalari, koeffitsientlari darajasiga ...

Chemistry; General chemistry
(object) array( 'id' => '10533689', 'url' => 'UZ/line_spectra', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'chiziqli spektrlar', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'chiziqli spektrlar', 1 => 'Chemistry', 2 => 'General chemistry', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'chiziqli spektrlar', 'source_id' => 76879, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1958, 'nstext' => 'UZ', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Chemistry', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General chemistry', ), 'lastedit' => '20150823143631', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'Tulkin', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Bu spektrlar qo\'zg\'algan moddalar hisobiga paydo bo\'ladi. Faqatgina o\'ziga hos to\'lqin uzunligidagi nurlanishlarni o\'z ichiga oladi.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1510306607231139840, 'nstext_full' => 'Uzbek (UZ)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'line spectra', 'Definition' => 'Spectra generated by excited substances. Consists of radiation with only specific wavelengths.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Chemistry', 'Product Category' => 'General chemistry', 'Revision User' => 'Vicki S', 'Revision Date' => '2010/06/30', 'Creation User' => 'Vicki S', 'Creation Date' => '2010/6/30', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'line_spectra', )

English (EN)line spectra

Spectra generated by excited substances. Consists of radiation with only specific wavelengths.

Uzbek (UZ)chiziqli spektrlar

Bu spektrlar qo'zg'algan moddalar hisobiga paydo bo'ladi. Faqatgina o'ziga hos to'lqin uzunligidagi nurlanishlarni o'z ichiga oladi.

Chemistry; General chemistry