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beatrizmb

Beijing, China

Translate From: English (EN)

Translate To: Spanish (ES); Spanish, Latin American (XL)

5,768

Words Translated

0

Terms Translated

beatrizmb’s Selected Translation Work

Terms and text shown below represent beatrizmb’s contributions to TermWiki.com, a free terminology website and knowledge resource for the translation community.

(object) array( 'id' => '909676', 'url' => 'ES/chiaroscuro_₄', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'claroscuro', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'claroscuro', 1 => 'Art history', 2 => 'General art history', 3 => 'Tate', 4 => '', ), 'term' => 'claroscuro', 'source_id' => 770967, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Art history', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'General art history', ), 'company' => array ( 0 => 'Tate', ), 'lastedit' => '20141016061302', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'En italiano "chiaroscuro", es un término italiano que se emplea como tal en inglés. Se traduce como claroscuro, y se refiere al balance entre claros y oscuros en una pintura o un dibujo. Esta técnica solo se destaca cuando es una característica principal de la obra, normalmente cuando el autor emplea contrastes extremos de luces y sombras.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503601431640276996, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'chiaroscuro', 'Company' => 'Tate', 'Definition' => 'Italian term used in that form in English. It translates as light-dark, and refers to the balance and pattern of light and shade in a painting or drawing. Chiaroscuro is generally only remarked upon when it is a particularly prominent feature of the work, usually when the artist is using extreme contrasts of light and shade.', 'Domain' => 'Documentation', 'Industry' => 'Art history', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Product Category' => 'General art history', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Creation User' => 'genart', 'Creation Date' => '2011/2/20', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'chiaroscuro_₄', )

English (EN)chiaroscuro

Italian term used in that form in English. It translates as light-dark, and refers to the balance and pattern of light and shade in a painting or drawing. Chiaroscuro is generally only remarked upon when it is a particularly prominent feature of the work, ...

Spanish (ES)claroscuro

En italiano "chiaroscuro", es un término italiano que se emplea como tal en inglés. Se traduce como claroscuro, y se refiere al balance entre claros y oscuros en una pintura o un dibujo. Esta técnica solo se destaca cuando es una característica principal de ...

Art history; General art history
(object) array( 'id' => '8205485', 'url' => 'ES/localization_₁₇', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'localización', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'localización', 1 => 'Translation & localization', 2 => 'Translation', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'localización', 'source_id' => 5128919, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Translation & localization', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Translation', ), 'lastedit' => '20141016055901', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Es el proceso de adaptación de un producto a un mercado específico (normalmente extranjero) en términos lingüísticos y culturales.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503634042542620672, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Definition' => 'The process of editing a product for a specific (usually foreign) market in cultural and linguistic terms.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Industry' => 'Translation & localization', 'Product Category' => 'Translation', 'Creation User' => 'MaryK', 'Creation Date' => '2013/3/27', 'Term' => 'localization', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'localization_₁₇', )

English (EN)localization

The process of editing a product for a specific (usually foreign) market in cultural and linguistic terms.

Spanish (ES)localización

Es el proceso de adaptación de un producto a un mercado específico (normalmente extranjero) en términos lingüísticos y culturales.

Translation & localization; Translation
(object) array( 'id' => '8847656', 'url' => 'ES/Chané', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'Chané', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'Chané', 1 => 'Language', 2 => 'Endangered languages', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'Chané', 'source_id' => 1860463, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Language', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Endangered languages', ), 'lastedit' => '20150114075602', 'part_of_speech' => 'proper noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'El idioma chané es una lengua extinta de Argentina y Bolivia. Era una variante dialectal o estaba estrechamente relacionado con el idioma terena, de la familia lingüística arawak. No hay mucha información acerca de este idioma. En Argentina, se hablaba en la provincia de Salta.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503636887233888258, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'Chané', 'Definition' => 'Chané is an extinct language of Argentina and Bolivia. It was either a dialect of or closely related to the Terena language of the Arawakan language family. There are few data on this language. In Argentina it was spoken in Salta province.', 'Part of Speech' => 'proper noun', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Language', 'Product Category' => 'Endangered languages', 'Creation User' => 'esb', 'Creation Date' => '2012/1/4', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'Chané', )

English (EN)Chané

Chané is an extinct language of Argentina and Bolivia. It was either a dialect of or closely related to the Terena language of the Arawakan language family. There are few data on this language. In Argentina it was spoken in Salta province.

Spanish (ES)Chané

El idioma chané es una lengua extinta de Argentina y Bolivia. Era una variante dialectal o estaba estrechamente relacionado con el idioma terena, de la familia lingüística arawak. No hay mucha información acerca de este idioma. En Argentina, se hablaba en la ...

Language; Endangered languages
(object) array( 'id' => '8570379', 'url' => 'ES/Danezaa', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'Dunneza', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'Dunneza', 1 => 'Language', 2 => 'Endangered languages', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'Dunneza', 'source_id' => 1859198, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Language', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Endangered languages', ), 'lastedit' => '20141208024102', 'part_of_speech' => 'proper noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'También conocido como tsattine, o tradicionalmente como Beaver, es lengua atabascana del oeste de Canadá. Alrededor de la mitad de los integrantes del pueblo Danezaa hablan este idioma (unos mil Dane-zaa viven actualmente en Columbia Británica).', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503635680696205315, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'Danezaa', 'Definition' => 'Also known as Tsattine or traditionally as Beaver, is an Athabascan language of western Canada. About half of the Danezaa people speak the language (around 1,000 Dane-zaa are living today in British Columbia).', 'Part of Speech' => 'proper noun', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Language', 'Product Category' => 'Endangered languages', 'Creation User' => 'esb', 'Creation Date' => '2012/1/3', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'Danezaa', )

English (EN)Danezaa

Also known as Tsattine or traditionally as Beaver, is an Athabascan language of western Canada. About half of the Danezaa people speak the language (around 1,000 Dane-zaa are living today in British Columbia).

Spanish (ES)Dunneza

También conocido como tsattine, o tradicionalmente como Beaver, es lengua atabascana del oeste de Canadá. Alrededor de la mitad de los integrantes del pueblo Danezaa hablan este idioma (unos mil Dane-zaa viven actualmente en Columbia Británica).

Language; Endangered languages
(object) array( 'id' => '8854335', 'url' => 'ES/braille_₁', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'braille', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'braille', 1 => 'Language', 2 => 'Language learning', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'braille', 'source_id' => 4726922, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Language', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Language learning', ), 'lastedit' => '20150115060802', 'part_of_speech' => 'noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'Es un alfabeto desarrollado por Louis Braille (1809-1852) en 1837, en el que las letras se representan por medio de patrones de puntos en relieve.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503636915774029826, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Definition' => 'An alphabet, developed by Louis Braille (1809-1852) in 1837, in which the letters are represented by patterns of raised dots.', 'Part of Speech' => 'noun', 'Industry' => 'Language', 'Product Category' => 'Language learning', 'Creation User' => 'tahira rafiq', 'Creation Date' => '2013/1/13', 'Term' => 'braille', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'braille_₁', )

English (EN)braille

An alphabet, developed by Louis Braille (1809-1852) in 1837, in which the letters are represented by patterns of raised dots.

Spanish (ES)braille

Es un alfabeto desarrollado por Louis Braille (1809-1852) en 1837, en el que las letras se representan por medio de patrones de puntos en relieve.

Language; Language learning
(object) array( 'id' => '8548206', 'url' => 'ES/Itza\'', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'Itzá', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'Itzá', 1 => 'Language', 2 => 'Endangered languages', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'Itzá', 'source_id' => 1859179, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Language', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Endangered languages', ), 'lastedit' => '20141205073702', 'part_of_speech' => 'proper noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'El idioma itzá (también conocido como Itza o Petén Itzá Maya) forma parte de la rama yucateca de las lenguas mayenses. Otras lenguas que forman parte de esta rama son el maya yucateco, lacandón y mopán. Hoy en día, solo hablan este idioma unas cuantas personas de avanzada edad en ciertas comunidades al norte del lago Petén Itzá, en la parte norte de Guatemala. El idioma itzá está casi extinto. La mayor parte de los componentes de grupo étnico itzá ahora hablan español y no hablan itzá con fuidez.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503635580778446852, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'Itza\'', 'Definition' => 'Itza\' (also Itza, Petén Itzá Maya) is one of the Yucatecan branch of the Mayan languages. The other languages in the Yucatecan branch are Yucatec, Lakantun, and Mopan. Today, it is spoken only by a few elderly adults in communities to the north of Lake Petén Itzá in northern Guatemala. It is nearly extinct. The Itza ethnic group now almost all speak Spanish, and are not fluent in Itza.', 'Part of Speech' => 'proper noun', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Language', 'Product Category' => 'Endangered languages', 'Creation User' => 'esb', 'Creation Date' => '2012/1/3', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'Itza\'', )

English (EN)Itza'

Itza' (also Itza, Petén Itzá Maya) is one of the Yucatecan branch of the Mayan languages. The other languages in the Yucatecan branch are Yucatec, Lakantun, and Mopan. Today, it is spoken only by a few elderly adults in communities to the north of Lake Petén ...

Spanish (ES)Itzá

El idioma itzá (también conocido como Itza o Petén Itzá Maya) forma parte de la rama yucateca de las lenguas mayenses. Otras lenguas que forman parte de esta rama son el maya yucateco, lacandón y mopán. Hoy en día, solo hablan este idioma unas cuantas ...

Language; Endangered languages
(object) array( 'id' => '8855084', 'url' => 'ES/Tehuelche', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'Tehuelche', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'Tehuelche', 1 => 'Language', 2 => 'Endangered languages', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'Tehuelche', 'source_id' => 1860508, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Language', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Endangered languages', ), 'lastedit' => '20150115082802', 'part_of_speech' => 'proper noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'El tehuelche (Aoniken, Inaquen, Gunua-Kena, Gununa-Kena) es un idioma prácticamente extinto perteneciente al grupo chon que cuenta con 4 hablantes de un grupo étnico de la Patagonia formado por 200 personas. Originalmente, este grupo étnico era un grupo de cazadores nómadas de Chile. También se conoce como aonikenk o Aonek\'o \'ajen. El declive de este idioma se produjo con la aracaunización de la Patagonia, por la que una gran cantidad de tribus Tehuelche adoptaron el Mapudungun como su principal idioma. Posteriormente, en los siglos XIX y XX, el español reemplazó a ambos idiomas debido al control de Argentina y Chile sobre la Patagonia.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503636920958189570, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'Tehuelche', 'Definition' => 'Tehuelche (Aoniken, Inaquen, Gunua-Kena, Gununa-Kena) is a nearly extinct Chon language spoken by four people in Patagonia out of an ethnic group of 200. They were originally nomadic hunters from Chile. It is also known as Aonikenk or Aonek\'o \'ajen. The decline of the language started with the Araucanization of Patagonia, when many Tehuelche tribes adopted Mapudungun as main language. Later during the 19th and 20th century Spanish replaced both as Argentina and Chile took possession of Patagonia.', 'Part of Speech' => 'proper noun', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Language', 'Product Category' => 'Endangered languages', 'Creation User' => 'esb', 'Creation Date' => '2012/1/4', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'Tehuelche', )

English (EN)Tehuelche

Tehuelche (Aoniken, Inaquen, Gunua-Kena, Gununa-Kena) is a nearly extinct Chon language spoken by four people in Patagonia out of an ethnic group of 200. They were originally nomadic hunters from Chile. It is also known as Aonikenk or Aonek'o 'ajen. The ...

Spanish (ES)Tehuelche

El tehuelche (Aoniken, Inaquen, Gunua-Kena, Gununa-Kena) es un idioma prácticamente extinto perteneciente al grupo chon que cuenta con 4 hablantes de un grupo étnico de la Patagonia formado por 200 personas. Originalmente, este grupo étnico era un grupo de ...

Language; Endangered languages
(object) array( 'id' => '8855798', 'url' => 'ES/Kallawaya', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'Kallawaya', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'Kallawaya', 1 => 'Language', 2 => 'Endangered languages', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'Kallawaya', 'source_id' => 1860520, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Language', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Endangered languages', ), 'lastedit' => '20150116053844', 'part_of_speech' => 'proper noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'El kallawaya es una lengua mixta secreta de Bolivia en peligro de extinción. Es el idioma del pueblo Kallawaya, un grupo de curanderos ambulantes que practicaban sus métodos tradicionales de curación medicinal en los Andes. El kallawaya es una lengua mixta. La morfología gramatical de esta lengua es parcialmente quechua, pero la mayoría de sus palabras provienen de una fuente desconocida o de una lengua extinta llamada puquina. El kallawaya es también una lengua secreta, pasada únicamente de abuelos a nietos o de padres a hijos o, en contadas ocasiones, a hijas, si el curandero no tiene hijos. Esta lengua no se utiliza en el diálogo cotidiano normal.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503636923859599361, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'Kallawaya', 'Definition' => 'Kallawaya, also Callahuaya or Callawalla is an endangered, secret, mixed language in Bolivia. It is spoken by the Kallawaya people, a group of traditional itinerant healers in the Andes in their medicinal healing practice. Kallawaya is a mixed language. The grammar is partially Quechua in morphology, but most of its words are from either unknown sources or from an otherwise extinct language family, Pukina. Kallawaya is also a secret language, passed only by father to son, or grandfather to grandson, or rarely, to daughters if a practitioner has no sons. It is not used in normal family dialogue.', 'Part of Speech' => 'proper noun', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Language', 'Product Category' => 'Endangered languages', 'Creation User' => 'esb', 'Creation Date' => '2012/1/4', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'Kallawaya', )

English (EN)Kallawaya

Kallawaya, also Callahuaya or Callawalla is an endangered, secret, mixed language in Bolivia. It is spoken by the Kallawaya people, a group of traditional itinerant healers in the Andes in their medicinal healing practice. Kallawaya is a mixed language. The ...

Spanish (ES)Kallawaya

El kallawaya es una lengua mixta secreta de Bolivia en peligro de extinción. Es el idioma del pueblo Kallawaya, un grupo de curanderos ambulantes que practicaban sus métodos tradicionales de curación medicinal en los Andes. El kallawaya es una lengua mixta. ...

Language; Endangered languages
(object) array( 'id' => '8572307', 'url' => 'ES/Maritime_Sign_Language', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'Lengua de signos marítima', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'Lengua de signos marítima', 1 => 'Language', 2 => 'Endangered languages', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'Lengua de signos marítima', 'source_id' => 1859211, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Language', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Endangered languages', ), 'lastedit' => '20141208082808', 'part_of_speech' => 'proper noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'La lengua de signos marítima (MSL), es una lengua de signos derivada de la lengua de signos británica, antiguamente utilizada en Nueva Escocia, Terranova, Nueva Brunswick y la Isla del Príncipe Eduardo (Canadá). Algunas personas de avanzada edad todavía la recuerdan. En 2009, contaba con 100 personas que podían utilizarla, pero está prácticamente extinta.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503635687977517058, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'Maritime Sign Language', 'Definition' => 'Maritime Sign Language (MSL), is a sign language, derived from British Sign Language, formerly used in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is still remembered by some elderly people, and as of 2009 had approximately 100 signers, but is effectively extinct.', 'Part of Speech' => 'proper noun', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Language', 'Product Category' => 'Endangered languages', 'Creation User' => 'esb', 'Creation Date' => '2012/1/3', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'Maritime_Sign_Language', )

English (EN)Maritime Sign Language

Maritime Sign Language (MSL), is a sign language, derived from British Sign Language, formerly used in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is still remembered by some elderly people, and as of 2009 had approximately ...

Spanish (ES)Lengua de signos marítima

La lengua de signos marítima (MSL), es una lengua de signos derivada de la lengua de signos británica, antiguamente utilizada en Nueva Escocia, Terranova, Nueva Brunswick y la Isla del Príncipe Eduardo (Canadá). Algunas personas de avanzada edad todavía la ...

Language; Endangered languages
(object) array( 'id' => '8856025', 'url' => 'ES/Cavineña', 'image' => '', 'title' => 'Cavineña', 'tags' => array ( 0 => 'Cavineña', 1 => 'Language', 2 => 'Endangered languages', 3 => '', ), 'term' => 'Cavineña', 'source_id' => 1860523, 'type' => 'term', 'namespace' => 1196, 'nstext' => 'ES', 'industry' => array ( 0 => 'Language', ), 'category' => array ( 0 => 'Endangered languages', ), 'lastedit' => '20150119022244', 'part_of_speech' => 'proper noun', 'creation_user' => 'beatrizmb', 'special_term' => '', 'definition' => 'El idioma cavineña es una lengua indígena hablada en las llanuras de la amazonia del norte de Bolivia por más de 1000 personas del grupo étnico Cavineña. Aunque este idioma todavía se habla (y algunos niños lo estudian), es una lengua en peligro de extinción. Guillaume (2004) defiende que, de una población de 1700 personas, alrededor de 1200 hablan cavineña. Casi todos los cavineña son bilingües de español.', 'usage_comment' => '', 'glossary' => '', 'width' => 0, 'height' => 0, '_version_' => 1503636924809609219, 'nstext_full' => 'Spanish (ES)', 's_attr' => (object) array( 'Term' => 'Cavineña', 'Definition' => 'Cavineña is an indigenous language spoken on the Amazonian plains of northern Bolivia by over 1,000 Cavineño people. Although Cavineña is still spoken (and still learnt by some children), it is an endangered language. Guillaume (2004) states that about 1200 people speak the language, out of a population of around 1700. Nearly all Cavineña are bilingual in Spanish.', 'Part of Speech' => 'proper noun', 'Usage Status' => 'New', 'Industry' => 'Language', 'Product Category' => 'Endangered languages', 'Creation User' => 'esb', 'Creation Date' => '2012/1/4', 'Source Lang' => '1180', ), 's_namespace_text' => 'EN', 's_namespace_text_full' => 'English (EN)', 's_title' => 'Cavineña', )

English (EN)Cavineña

Cavineña is an indigenous language spoken on the Amazonian plains of northern Bolivia by over 1,000 Cavineño people. Although Cavineña is still spoken (and still learnt by some children), it is an endangered language. Guillaume (2004) states that about 1200 ...

Spanish (ES)Cavineña

El idioma cavineña es una lengua indígena hablada en las llanuras de la amazonia del norte de Bolivia por más de 1000 personas del grupo étnico Cavineña. Aunque este idioma todavía se habla (y algunos niños lo estudian), es una lengua en peligro de extinción. ...

Language; Endangered languages